Air pollution
Total Emission (tonnes by sector) in 1996

R-C = Residential & Commercial
I = Industrial
T = Transport
A = Agriculture

Emission of GHG (Green House Gases)

• major are - C02, CH4 (methane) & Nox
• Between -1960 to 1990 due to deforestation, Co2 emission was increased

3.96 x 106 to 15.45x107 tonnes/year (Hall, 1992)

From petroleum bunion, annual emission of
C = 7,200 tonnes, N = 1790 tonnes
Co2 by Fossil burn = 354000 tonnes
CH4 production (1997) = 1.2 million tonnes à greatest from livestock & rice field

Adverse impact of Air pollution

• Health - Respiratory diseases (main) – by smoke & dust - 12% Respiratory disease out of total OPD Patients in Nepal
• Vegetation - Foliar injury & low yield of crops due to photo synthesis disturbance, soil hard due to Ca deposition, Germination - ie pinus roxburghii is adversely affected for seed germination.
• Visibility - decrease visibility

Good visible day 25days at noon in 1975
Now in 1992 it is 5 day in Ktm
Global Environment Outlook
Thalidomide à Cause of baby congemtial deformation.
à Global warming à
        First Swedish scientist Svante (1896) warned the world about the green house effect.
                        * First climate conference – in Geneva 1979
                        * Main cause is Co2 emission; it has long term effect on climate change
- British researches found in 1985 - Ozone Hole
- Union carbide leak in India (1984) death of 3000 people, injured 200000
- Chernovil accident (1986)
- Spill of 50 million ltr oil in alska in 1989
- In 1999 à 67 million tonnes oil burn à at Gulf war
- By 2008, 14% world population is extremely hungry à no food
Global Overview

• Socio- Economic - Population à 6.1 billon up à growth 77 million people per year.
• Desertification - around 3600 million hac land added as desert after 2000- 2015
•  Urbanization - 1.95 million hectare will be lost after 200-2015
• Biodiversity -there are 94 Ecosystem class in world, Tropics has more biodiversity, although it covers 10% world mass, but have 90% world spp

World spp à total recorded       - 1750000
Possible includes                       -14000000
- Pharmacy of genetic resource - 75000-150000 million US$ annually
- 75% world populations relay medicine from Biodiversity